Leadership Style and Performance Essay Example for Free

Initiative Style and Performance Essay A diagram of the subject of initiative styles sums up that the current examinations on how execution is influenced by authority style is isolated into significant stages. Early investigations on administration (much of the time ordered as ‘trait’ concentrates on initiative) focused on distinguishing the character characteristics which described effective pioneers (Argyris, 1955; Mahoney et al. , 1960). As indicated by them effective pioneers are ‘naturally born’ and those they have certain local qualities which recognize them from non-pioneers (see Stodgill, 1948). Be that as it may, there was huge trouble in approving these qualities prompted far reaching analysis of this attribute approach, flagging the rise of ‘style’ and ‘behavioral’ ways to deal with administration (Stodgill, 1948). Style and social scholars moved the accentuation away from the qualities of the pioneer to the conduct and style the pioneer received. The primry finish of these examinations is that selection of vote based or participative styles by pioneers are progressively effective (see, for instance, Bowsers and Seashore, 1966). In this sense, these early investigations are centered around recognizing the ‘one most ideal method of leading’. Essentially to characteristic hypotheses, the significant shortcoming of style and social speculations is the numbness of how significant job situational factors play in deciding the adequacy of individual pioneers (Mullins, 1999). It is this constraint that offers ascend to the ‘situational’ and ‘contingency’ hypotheses of administration (for instance, Fiedler, 1967; House, 1971; Vroom and Yetton, 1974) which move the accentuation away from ‘the one most ideal approach to lead’ to setting delicate initiative. Albeit each investigation accentuates the significance of various elements, the general principle of the situational and possibility viewpoints is that initiative adequacy is reliant on the leader’s determination and comprehension of situational factors, trailed by the selection of the proper style to manage every condition. Be that as it may, ongoing investigations on authority have stood out ‘transactional’ administration from ‘transformational’. Value-based pioneers are supposed to be ‘instrumental’ and as often as possible spotlight on trade relationship with their subordinates. Conversely, transformational pioneers are contended to be visionary and excited, with an innate capacity to propel subordinates. Despite the fact that the short outline above demonstrates that examination into administration has experienced times of doubt, late intrigue has concentrated on the significance of the position of authority to the accomplishment of associations. Fiedler (1996), one of the most regarded specialists on initiative, has given an ongoing treatise on the significance of administration by contending that the viability of a pioneer is a significant determinant of the achievement or disappointment of a gathering, association or even a whole nation. It has been contended that single direction wherein associations have looked to adapt to the expanding unpredictability and choppiness of the outside condition is via preparing and creating pioneers and furnishing them with the abilities to adapt. These cases depend on the supposition of an immediate connection among initiative and authoritative execution. This suspicion requires basic survey. Broadly commended instances of an immediate leadershipâ€performance connection might be found in various recounted records of upgrades of organization execution ascribed to changes in authority (see, for instance, Nicholls, 1988; Quick, 1992; Simms, 1997). Be that as it may, observational investigations into the connections among initiative and execution have been inadequate. One remarkable exemption is the nitty gritty investigation of the effect of initiative on execution in the to some degree amazing setting of Icelandic angling ships. Thorlindsson (1987) recommends that varieties in the presentation of various angling ships, under indistinguishable conditions, can be represented by the initiative abilities of commanders. Over a three-year time span, Thorlindsson uncovered that the administration characteristics of the boat skippers represented 35 to 49 percent of variety in the catch of various teams. Different investigations which analyze the connections among initiative and execution agree with the reappearance of the ‘one most ideal approach to lead’ banter. Of specific pertinence is the resurgence of enthusiasm into charming administration, which is often alluded to as transformational authority (Bass and Avolio, 1993). Various analysts guess that transformational administration is connected to authoritative execution. Adroitly, it is contended that the visionary and helpful aptitudes of transformational pioneers propel supporters to convey prevalent execution. In rundown, a significant part of the above proof introduced as supporting the case of a leadershipâ€performance connect is recounted and much of the time over-focuses on the ‘transformational’ job of pioneers in corporate triumphs. No doubt scarcely any investigations have reacted to the perception of Porter and Mckibbin (1988) that a great part of the exploration detailed as supporting this case is either uncertain or experimentally suspect. The constrained or uncertain character of exploration discoveries here recommends the need to research further the idea of the connection among administration and execution. A few distinct classifications of administration ideal models have been recommended by different scientists. For instance, Bass (1985) expressed that there are four components of transformational administration, three elements of value-based authority, and a non-initiative element of free enterprise authority (Bass, 1985). Avery (2004) recommended ordering initiative into four administration ideal models, while Goleman (1995) lean towards six authority standards. Regardless of Bass’s (1985) model being acclaimed as making a significant commitment to administration, his hypothesis has been reprimanded for different reasons (Yukl, 1999). One analysis is that his model overemphasizes the significance of a couple of administration standards (e. g. value-based and visionary), discarding the traditional and natural ideal models Bass declares that visionary (transformational) pioneers are almost in every case more powerful than value-based pioneers, however others (e. g. Judge and Piccolo, 2004; Wallace, 1997) contest this. While this in itself doesn't negate the idea of visionary authority, Bass ascribes more to visionary (transformational) administration than maybe he should. As Avery (2004) proposed, both value-based and visionary administration are legitimate types of initiative, however visionary authority might be appropriate all the more comprehensively, remembering for circumstances where there are lacking assets for the administrator to depend on providing outer prizes (Judge and Piccolo, 2004), or where the circumstance is mind boggling and vague, and depends emphatically on adherent information and duty. Avery proposes that there are different circumstances where value-based administration is the proper type of authority, for example, when supporters are reluctant or incapable to focus on the leader’s vision. Interestingly with Bass’s (1985) model, Avery’s (2004) standards give a wide premise permitting to various types of authority that have developed at various occasions and in better places. The ideal models are helpful for indicating that there is no single most ideal perspective about initiative, rather that various types of authority reflect social and recorded roots. Avery’s ideal models permit initiative to rely upon the unique situation, react to authoritative requirements and inclinations, and include numerous related components that can be controlled (Bryman, 1992; Shamir and Howell, 1999; Yukl, 1999). Avery (2004) proposes 13 files to separate between her four ideal models: old style, value-based, visionary, and natural. The nine files remembered for this survey are dynamic, scope of staff’s power, power separation among pioneer and the staff, key player of the association, wellspring of staff’s duty, staff’s obligation, circumstance of the executives and initiative in the association, circumstance of assorted variety in the association and circumstance of control in the association. These nine rules are viewed as increasingly applicable for separating the four authority ideal models than the other four standards. Every worldview is examined thus, including the distinctive attributes utilizing the over nine standards. Old style authority is most likely the most established worldview with its causes in times long past, is as yet utilized in contemporary associations (Avery, 2004). This worldview mirrored the overall view in the business writing until the 1970s when the human relations development prompted to a greater degree an emphasis on devotees and their condition. As per Avery (2004), old style authority alludes to strength by a pre-famous individual or a ‘elite’ gathering of individuals. This administration can either be coercive or kindhearted or a blend of both. This happens in light of the fact that the tip top individual or gathering orders or moves different individuals to act towards an objective, which could possibly be expressly expressed. Different individuals from the general public or association regularly stick to the orders of the first class pioneer, don't transparently scrutinize their mandates, and execute arranges to a great extent out of dread of the results of not doing as such, or keeping in mind the pioneer, or both (Avery, 2004). Old style administration has a few restrictions. The first happens where the pioneer can't order and control each activity, especially as circumstances become increasingly unpredictable and past the limit of one individual; or when extra responsibility from adherents is expected to complete work, for example, in responding to evolving conditions; or when thoughts regarding authority change and supporters no more

Diversity and Curriculum Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decent variety and Curriculum Development - Essay Example This case occurs because of the diverse ethnic gatherings that the understudies originate from. Since the understudies can without much of a stretch discuss well with the companions, this outcomes in the understudies who share a typical language to shape various gatherings in the school basing on these language gatherings. To bring this case into control, I will present a typical language that each understudy is well familiar with. I make it obligatory that each understudy imparts utilizing this language. For instance, English is a universal language and no any secondary school understudy who will comprehend the language. The other issue is to present a course that introduces the various societies and which show understudies of the significance of being together in a blended assorted societies. The advantages of the differing society educational program is that the understudies will have the option to learn others societies and convictions. It will improve solidarity among the divers e ethnic networks since they will get the opportunity to see one another while in school, and after returning home, they will tell their partners. For instance, a specific network might be having a negative recognition against another, where these partners will reveal to them that what they believe isn't the situation. Another advantage is that gathers a network rehearsing in differing social practices, is the issue of proficiency and adequacy in performing charge. This is on the grounds that various individuals from various pieces of the world have various gifts. For instance, individuals from Brazil are sublime in football, those from Chicago, impeccable in ball. In the setting including the decent variety of male and female understudies, recently this issue is eclipsed by time,... In the setting including the assorted variety of male and female understudies, generally this issue is eclipsed by time, and bringing the instances of male-female students’ communication won't be a lot of frenzied. Be that as it may, there are as yet different networks which are as yet being held in the cover of male pettiness. The primary test will be to make these people to esteem the female understudies as same as they esteem the male ones. So as to manage issue completely, I will contend my kindred panel individuals to pass the issue that any understudy discovered segregating his/her associate in light of sexual orientation contrasts to be managed fittingly. This will be an exercise to him/her and to his/her companions with a similar mindset. Another test is the issue of how the male and female understudies will have various assets. These assets will incorporate the toilets, restrooms and different exercises like the lining. A portion of these issues will add on more costs to the school. There are benefits, which collect from the male, female communication. These will incorporate the improved participation among the two sexual orientations. With respect that the educational plan depends on social assorted variety, this may prompt understudies from various networks to blend which will prompt intermarriages later on date. It additionally causes the understudies to learn with effectiveness the contrasts between the sexual orientations since they can do it for all intents and purposes. For instance, the contrasts between the physical qualities of male and female can be exhibited essentially.

Test Taking at MIT

Test Taking at MIT These are cheat sheets. I found them in my backpack this last week while I was cleaning things out for the new semester, a gentle reminder of last semester’s trials and tribulations in 7.05 Biochemistry (bottom left) and 20.310 Biomechanics (the other three pages). For each exam in 20.310, we were allowed to fill one 8.5” X 11 sheet of paper, front and back, with whatever information we thought might be useful. For 7.05, we were allowed five pages. I am convinced that there is an inverse correlation between the size of my handwriting and my grade point average, a fact that has been thus far corroborated by one year of cheat sheet test taking. Also I made this graph. And if it’s in a graph, it must be true. In order to maximize the amount of information that I am able to distill into just one sheet of paper, I use ball point pens (anything else will just bleed, making it harder to write in tight spaces) and write in neat columns to maximize the amount of space used. Color coded headings also help with finding what you need when you need it. Images can be difficult to format, but are usually necessary. My first approach is to comb through all of the lecture notes for a unit and copy down virtually everything that was covered. You never know what odd equation or briefly mentioned concept might appear on a test. Once lecture notes have been copied down, I move onto key concepts or equations that I feel might be tested, followed by the copying down of any pset or practice exam questions that I think might be relevant in order to fill in the rest of the space. To fit everything I want into a cheat sheet, I have to get my handwriting down to “teeny”. “Not teeny enough” just isn’t going to cut it. Creating these cheat sheets is no walk in the park. They can take hours, predominantly because the physical act of copying down content is quite time consuming. But having everything that was ever covered in the class alongside you during an exam is worth every minute. One could argue that cheat sheets as a learning instrument in classes are there to encourage students to study the material before the exam and bring in only the essential ideas and formulas on their limited sheet of paper that they have condensed after rigorous studying. After all, if they were going to let you bring in everything, why not just make it an open notes test? Or perhaps the theory is that the physical act of copying notes over again will better ingrain the information into your head? Regardless, the fact remains that even with all of my lecture notes on my cheat sheets, the exams can be difficult. Exams at MIT are rarely just fact recall. Sure there will be the occasional question that requires you to know something cold, but for most of the classes I’ve taken, the test questions end up being an application of learned concepts to something entirely different. So having all of the formulas and facts laid out for me isn’t enough, I have to know how to use them and to think on my feet. One of the biggest differences between freshmen GIRs and sophomore major classes that I noticed was the shift from memory based exams to cheat sheet dependent ones. 8.02, 7.012, 18.02 and many of the other general classes that I took did not allow cheat sheets at the exam. We were tasked with memorizing a small handful of equations or concepts per unit and then tested on our ability to use them in relatively familiar settings. Beyond the introductory classes, beginning with 7.03 and 20.110 in the fall semester of sophomore year, the content became more extensive and complicated and the reliance on cheat sheet mediated test taking became commonplace. By allowing students to bring in cheat sheets, professors are given the freedom to test specific equations or concepts without having to worry about whether or not a student was able to memorize 12 different complex formulas. They are able to focus on testing comprehension of these formulas and application of the many concepts. Even though I haven’t finalized my class schedule for this semester, I’m already gearing myself up for another round of exams and the inevitable rash of hand cramps that I’ll be powering through as I try to cram as much information as I physically can onto an everyday 8.5” x 11”.

Why Video Games Matter An Article on the Feelings Evoked...

Tom Bissell presents an article in 2010, to college students of which is â€Å"Why Video Games Matter.† Bissell isn’t intending for the argument to be about video game criticism, the history of the gaming, or an assessment of anything. On the contrary, he wants to articulate his own opinions and thoughts on what playing games feels like, why he plays them, and the questions they make him think about. Being a gamer myself, I have also endured the struggles of what being obsessed with a video game feels like. It is understood that when first purchasing a video game, all one thinks about is getting home and popping it in the console, disregarding everything else that is happening in the vicinity. Bissell comically explains what he would say to†¦show more content†¦Where did the time pass? Articles like these are depicted to speak to college students and adults alike. Moreover, Bissell is describing the emotions and feelings brought about in participating in video game activity. College students, when not overwhelmed with work, have free time and can sometimes indulge most of that time in shooting enemies or in racing exhilarating super-cars. Bissell explains, â€Å"My rationalization was that, provided a game was fun to play, certain failures could be overlooked (358).† This is truly how gamers think. The author of this essay, is not intending to persuade the reader to feel a type of way. What he is expressing ideally are his opinions on said games. Yet, one is somewhat persuaded, because of how he speaks, clarifies, and uses rhetoric in his writing. It really makes someone want to stop what they are doing and get on the nearest gaming system. In fact, it is consolidating to know that he isn’t characterizing the game as just a game, but an aesthetic and an art. Tom Bissell questions himself, â€Å"To what part of me do games speak, and on which frequency (361)?† We all would like to know the answer to this question, because there have been so many games, some good and some awful. However, we as a world continue to try and try again. Some of the appeals that Bissell uses in his argument were emotional and descriptive. Basically, in the entire article he described to the audience in intimate detail the world ofShow MoreRelatedPopular Culture and Violent Behavior Essay1 1795 Words   |  48 Pagesnot choose to view war movies, for instance, because I feel that they often end up glorifying killing and justifying warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦1 Her point on viewer abstinence is significant. Laura Finley refrains from viewing war movies because of her feelings towards war and its depiction on television and in film. 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Lmu Application Essay Samples - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesnt

Lmu Application Essay Samples - an in Depth Anaylsis on What Works and What Doesn't Other schools might would like you to compose an extra essay that's specific to that school. When you find out which schools require which essays, you can settle on the precise number of original essays that you'll actually should write. Once you have looked at all the essays that you have to write for all your target schools, you should begin studying the group of essays you will want to write for each individual school. Before you commence writing your essays, you will want to confirm the length requirements on the essays for all your target schools. The second portion of this essay would like you to examine the present instead. Describe the previous three books you read. This section includes two examples of fantastic college essays. There are not any individual interviews. A Startling Fact about Lmu Application Essay Samples Uncovered Be sure that your essay explains everything the reader should know to comprehend what you were facing. The essay is intended to be a revealing look within your ideas and feelings. Because this essay will necessarily have to devote some time on other individuals, you must obtain a great proportion of them-time and me-time. It wants to know whether this mindset of out-of-the-box-ness is something you are already comfortable with. This is an opportunity to move your readers. If you're looking for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. The point is to share the sorts of things which don't wind up on your transcript. This is a huge clue that the revelation this essay is searching for should be a rather positive one. This is your opportunity to demonstrate that you truly get the qualities and experiences which make you in responsible and grown-up individual, a person who will thrive in the independence of college life. Additionally, your special interpretation will reveal a lot about how you find the world. At the exact same time, they are searching for a feeling of maturity. Not only do you have to demonstrate the way your leadership met the challenge you faced, but you also need to demonstrate the way the experience changed you. The Lmu Application Essay Samples Game They're also searching for your creativity and problem-solving skills. Each recommender should have supervised your work. Still, consider what the experience most reveals about you. Age isn't a consideration when there's no moment. This writing company makes sure their papers are all the amazing quality and all the customers are happy. Because personal statements are short, you just won't have enough time to spell out everything you've loved about a specific subject in enough detail to make it count. By the minute you're done, you'll have a complete collection of reasons for applying to LMU. The recording is not going to be viewed past 2 minutes. The Locker is an internet storage space which allows you to collect and organize your application materials. Be careful once you write that you truly deepen your points. Thus, State University isn't only the ideal spot for me, it is the sole spot for me. Lmu Application Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone In the example above, mentioning the Hunt Leadership scholarship proves that you have researched and taken interest in a specific component of the university, together with indicating you have leadership experience. Professor Mitchell obtained a grant to have a category of students to Belgium so as to study the EU. SFTV considers thoughtful applicants that are in the early phases of their filmmaking careers, in addition to more experienced applicants. In this instance, it's college admissions officers who need to locate students that are eager to learn and be exposed to new ideas and ideas. If you're on an immediate path to a certain area of study or career pursuit, admissions officers definitely wish to understand that. One reason that the admissions office would like to learn which of the applicants has been through something unlike the majority of other people is they are hoping to raise the number of points of view in the student body. Basically, we must see you in action. You're responsible for making certain letters are received. The second section should choose the remaining portion of the space. Univerities of earth, a catalogue. Don't script it, nor do you have to perform' the occasion. More information concerning the Coalition Application, including tutorial videos that tell you how you can navigate its interface, can be located on theirwebsite. Your visitors will additionally have an opportunity to find out more about LMU, ask questions, and get to understand our helpful staff.

Contextualising the text †Yerma Free Essays

Throughout his adult life, Garcia Lorca spoke frequently and with great pleasure about the profound importance he attributed to his early childhood in the small villages in the countryside near Granada, and later, in the provincial capital itself. Lorca’s father, Federico Garcia Rodriguez was a wealthy landowner with several substantial holdings in the rich alluvial plain called La Vega de Granada. Having been widowed in his first marriage and left without children, Don Federico’s second marriage (of which his family disapproved because of the inferior social and economic background of his bride) was to a school teacher from Granada, Vincenta Lorca Romero. We will write a custom essay sample on Contextualising the text – Yerma or any similar topic only for you Order Now The mere fact that she had a profession and a job is an indication of her independence and strength of character. The influence of her personality was to be of the utmost importance for Federico Garcia Lorca, her eldest son, born in June of 1898. The experience of the first ten years in that fertile region of slow rivers and poplar groves, with the snow-capped Sierra Nevada in the distance, seems to have provided Lorca with an inexhaustible well-spring of inspiration and feeling for Spain’s rural people and their world. The rural folk he was surrounded by became a great influence in his work as we are shown in his second rural play Yerma. Act 2, scene 1 shows us a parallel to what Lorca would have witnessed often during his childhood. In his late teens he began to write poems that he would recite in local cafes. As a child he was known to carry on conversations with inanimate objects, bestowing upon each object a personality and speaking with them as if they were living things and might speak back at any moment. His writing career began with a book of essays in 1918, followed by a play in 1920 and book of poetry in 1921. In 1919 he left to study law at the Residencia de Estudiantes, where he met and became friends with film director Luis Bunuel and painter Salvador Dali, among other Spanish notables of his generation. With the exception of summer vacations spent in Granada, Garcia Lorca would stay in the Residencia until 1928, by which time he had become Spain’s most highly respected younger poet. In the period of his greatest fame, Lorca drifted into a depressive, disillusioned state of mind. He described himself to a friend as suffering â€Å"one of the saddest and most unpleasant moments of my life. † He abandoned the gypsy ballad poetry that was making him famous. He even stopped reading his poetry to friends. He was rescued from this melancholy mood by his mentor, Fernando de los Rios, who took him from Madrid through France and England to New York City. In his plays, the pivotal characters are women. Women are the ones who suffer from desire and pass through conflict to tragic or comic resolution. Most of the scenes take place in women’s spaces, the domestic interiors which they rule and from which men are estranged (or, as in The House of Bernarda Alba, completely prohibited). The female characters reveal themselves most easily and deeply in conversations with other women. The poetry which erupts at moments of emotional intensity usually comes from the mouths of female characters. Especially in the three great tragedies which are known as his â€Å"trilogy of rural life,† Lorca chooses women to exemplify the human life which is crushed by Spanish customs and social life. He went to Cuba in 1929-30 and returned to Spain in 1931. That year Spain became a Republic, which gave hope to many – Garcia Lorca included – that Spain’s standard of living would be improved, its illiteracy reduced and its culture more widely disseminated. He became a director of a student theatre company, â€Å"La Barraca,† which toured small villages and in the faces of harassment by Fascist partisans presented the Spanish classics to the peasants. The company produced the three â€Å"rural tragedies† on which Garcia Lorca’s theatrical reputation rests. Yerma (1934), the second of the three tragedies, is the story of a woman who is unable to conceive although she desperately longs to have a child. The first and third tragedies are Blood Wedding (1933) and The House Bernada Alba, which was never performed during Garcia Lorca’s lifetime. At the start of the Spanish Civil War, he went to Granada, which he regarded as relatively safe. Although he had no political affiliations, he was known to be a friend of left-wing intellectuals and an advocate of liberty. Apparently this was enough of an indictment for the Falangists who arrested him on the orders of the Nationalist Civil Governor on August 16, 1936. He was held for two days, tortured and shot. Garcia Lorca was homosexual, and he suffered greatly because of the strict, conservative nature of Spain at that time. His writings were outlawed in Granada’s Plaza del Carmen. Even speaking his name was forbidden. The young poet quickly became a martyr, an international symbol of the politically oppressed, but his plays were not revived until the 1940s, and certain bans on his work remained in place until as late as 1971. Today, Garcia Lorca is considered the greatest Spanish poet and dramatist of the 20th Century. How to cite Contextualising the text – Yerma, Papers

Swimming History Essays (878 words) - Swimming, Aquatics

Swimming History Swimming was invented before recorded history. Humans discovered how to swim by accident. A person probably fell into the water and struggled to shore using a dog-paddle stroke. There was an Egyptian hieroglyph for swimming dating from 2500 BC. The ancient Greeks and Romans made swimming an important part of their military training programs. There have been known swimming contests that were organized in Japan as early as the 1st century BC. During the Middle Ages in Europe, swimming declined in popularity. People felt that the water was contaminated and a source of disease. Not everyone feared the water, however, Louis XI reportedly swam daily in the Seine. During the early 19th century, swimming enjoyed a revival, especially in England, Lord Byron swam the Dardanelles river, to prove that the mythological hero Leander could have done it. Organized competitive swimming began in England in the 1840s. In 1844 the British were surprised when two American Indians demonstrated the efficie ncy of a method of swimming similar to the modern crawl. The British still swam with the head above the water, a holdover from the days when people believed that the water was contaminated. An overhand stroke was introduced into England in 1873 by J. Arthur Trudgen, who had seen South American Indians using this method to swim really fast. When the flutter kick was introduced, the modern Australian crawl was born, and this stroke has since become the most common and most important swimming stroke. FITNESS COMPONENTS To swim well u need to know how to coordinate your arms and legs to get you through the water. At first you will probably need to have lessons. Also to swim u need agility and just gravity. Swimming also requires balance and quickness in some cases. Not much is needed to know if you want to swim. Swimming improves heart and lung efficiency, enhances muscle strength and endurance, improves flexibility, and reduces stress. Its easy on the joints, and uses more muscles than most other forms of exercise. Although swimming burns a great deal of calories, recreational swimmers tend to lose less weight than would be expected from other types of aerobic activity. Scientists say that cold water removes heat from the body, stimulating appetite to keep the body warm. Exposure to cold water may encourage the body to maintain fat stores for insulation. To lose weight by swimming, its necessary to cut down on the calories you eat, and to swim fast enough and long enough. Swimming can burn more than 660 calories an hour when performed correctly and causes less injuries to joints and muscles than aerobics or jogging. It takes only three hours a week of strenuous swimming to improve flexibility, increase strength and build cardiovascular endurance. Swimming provides a good aerobic workout if 25% of the total laps are performed at maximum intensity. However, only 5% of those who swim do so at an aerobic pace. Although few doubt the aerobic benefits of swimming, stud ies comparing swimming with jogging, results found that swimmers lost less body fat than joggers. Apparently swimming causes an adjustment in how energy is burned, resulting in the burning of more carbohydrates than body fat. One reason might be that swimmers retain more body fat to insulate and maintain body heat. However, swimming works both the upper and lower body which jogging does not. WHAT IS THE SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENT TO MASTER IN YOUR SPORT? EXPLAIN HOW THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED. More than half of all Americans can't swim. Drownings claimed 5,200 American lives in 1990 and is the fourth leading cause of accidental deaths for children under 5. Many feel figures are actually higher, since deaths occurring after resuscitation or hospitalization usually aren't attributed to the original drowning. Many lives could be saved if people would just learn to swim. Correct swimming doesn't come naturally to the body and can't be learned overnight. Those swimmers who are exhausted a fter half a lap need more instruction. The most common swimming problem is incorrect breathing which causes individuals to expend more energy than necessary. Coordinating breathing with proper head rotation is the key to proficient swimming. Proper instruction is the only way you can learn this,

Hydrogen bomb essays

Hydrogen bomb essays On August 6, 1945 the atomic bomb was dropped on Japan and the world stood back horrified at the destructive force that man had created with nature and technology. Tens of thousands of people were killed, most of which by terrible burns and radiation poisoning. Everyone thought that the ultimate military weapon had been discover short of the wrath of god, but they were wrong. In 1952 the first Hydrogen bomb was tested in Enewetok. Enewetok is an island that was originally given to Japan by the League of Nations. It was later captured during World War II and designated as a nuclear test site. Of course before the testing began the islands inhabitants were evacuated. It was later deemed safe to come back there and resume life in 1980. The bomb which was nicknamed "Mike" had a mushroom cloud eight miles across and twenty seven miles tall and the canopy was 100 miles across. It made a crater two hundred feet deep and six thousand five hundred feet across. Eighty million tons of Earth was vaporized. In comparison the atomic bomb to the hydrogen bomb is a match to a stick of dynamite. In 1953 the USSR (or Russia now a days) detonated a hydrogen bomb of their own. Later Great Britain, France, and China tested hydrogen bombs of their own. This created a sort of "nuclear club-nations". The requirements for this so-called "club" is that you must have nuclear capabilities and willingly admitting to stockpiling these bombs. The way that this bomb works is very complicated. But the bang for the buck you get out of one of these things is literally going to stop your enemy "dead" in his tracks. The reaction starts with fusion of the hydrogen isotopes. An isotope is one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but differing in atomic weight and mass number. This fusion creates heavier elements because of the number of lighter elements joined together. This difference in mass creates energy. This is called an en ...

Home Treatment for Jellyfish and Man of War Stings

Home Treatment for Jellyfish and Man of War Stings You can apply common household chemistry to treat jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war stings. However, jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war are two different animals. Heres a look at how to tell them apart and how the chemistry of treating the stings differs depending on what stung you. Key Takeaways: Jellyfish and Portuguese Man-of-War Stings A jellyfish can sting you even if its dead.Vinegar, ammonia, meat tenderizer, or heat can inactivate the toxin in jellyfish venom. However, if there is a risk a sting is from a Portuguese man-of-war, using a chemical can cause all of the stinging cells to fire at once and worsen the injury.Another method of treating a sting is to lift off the tentacle (like with a credit card or seashell) and rinse the area with water.An antihistamine can help reduce allergic response. Hydrocortisone can relieve inflammation. An over-the-counter pain reliever can help reduce pain. Dont Make the Sting Worse Do you know what to do if you or someone youre with finds a jellyfish or is stung by one? You should know the answer to these questions before you go to the beach since an encounter with a jellyfish can be a painful or possibly lethal experience. As a matter of practical chemistry, your biggest risk from a jellyfish or Portuguese man-of-war sting may come from improper first aid intended to deal with the venom, so pay attention... What Should You Do If You See a Jellyfish? Best Answer: Leave it alone. If its in the water, get away from it. If its on the beach and you need to walk around it, walk above it (dune side) rather than below it (surf side), since it may be trailing tentacles. Keep in mind a jellyfish does not need to be alive in order to sting you. Detached tentacles are capable of stinging and releasing venom for several weeks. Other Answer: It depends what kind of jellyfish it is. I realize if it looks like floating jelly, its considered a jellyfish, but there are different types of jellyfish and also animals that look like jellyfish but are something else entirely. Not all jellyfish can hurt you. Some jellyfish are either nonvenomous or else their stinging cells cant penetrate your skin. What do you do when you see one of these jellyfish? If you are a kid, youll probably pick it up and throw it at another kid (unless its alive, then be kind and let it be). Most parts of the world have nonvenomous jellyfish. They tend to be easy to spot. Its the ones you dont see that present the biggest threat. Many jellyfish are transparent (but glow under a black light). You probably wont see them in the water, so if you are stung, you wont know exactly what got you. If you see a jellyfish and dont know what type it is, treat it like a venomous species and get away from it. How Do I Treat a Jellyfish Sting? Answer: If you know the victim is allergic to insect stings, seek medical attention immediately. People who are allergic to bees and wasps may experience a dangerous allergic reaction to a jellyfish sting. Otherwise, act quickly and calmly to remove the tentacles, stop the stinging, and deactivate any toxin. Here is where people get confused because the best steps to take depend on what type of animal caused the sting. Use these good basic strategies, especially if you dont know what caused the sting: Get out of the water. Its easier to deal with the sting, and it takes drowning out of the equation.Rinse the affected area with seawater. Do not use fresh water. Fresh water will cause any stinging cells that havent fired (called nematocysts) to do so and release their venom, possibly worsening the situation. Do not rub sand on the area (same reason).If you see any tentacles, carefully lift them off the skin and remove them with a stick, shell, credit card, or towel (just not your bare hand). They will stick to swimwear, so use caution touching clothing.Keep an eye on the victim. If you see any signs of an allergic reaction, call 911 immediately. Symptoms could include difficulty breathing, nausea, or dizziness. Some redness and swelling is normal, but if it spreads outward from the sting or if you see hives on other parts of the body, that could indicate an allergic response. If you suspect a reaction, do not hesitate to seek medical attention.Now, if you are sure the sting is from a jellyfish and not a Portuguese man-of-war (not a true jellyfish) or any other animal, you can use chemistry to your advantage to inactivate the toxin, which is a protein. (Technically, the venom tends to be a mixture of polypeptides and proteins including catecholamines, histamine, hyaluronidase, fibrolysins, kinins, phospholipases, and assorted toxins). How do you inactivate proteins? You can change the temperature or acidity by applying heat or an acid or base, such as vinegar or baking soda or diluted ammonia, or even an enzyme, such as the papain found in papaya and meat tenderizer. However, chemicals may cause the stinging cells to fire, which is bad news for someone allergic to jellyfish toxin or anyone stung by a Portuguese man-of-war. If you do not know what caused the sting, or if you suspect it is from a Portuguese man-of-war, do not apply fresh water or any chemical. Your best course of action is to apply heat to the affected area since it penetrates the skin and inacti vates the toxin without causing more venom to be injected. Also, heat quickly helps alleviate the pain of the sting. Hot seawater is great, but if you dont have that handy, use any warmed object. Some people carry aloe vera gel, Benadryl (diphenhydramine) cream, or hydrocortisone cream. Im not sure how effective the aloe is, but Benadryl is an antihistamine, which may help limit an allergic response to the sting. Hydrocortisone can help reduce inflammation. If you seek medical attention and used Benadryl or hydrocortisone, be sure to alert the medical professionals. Acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen are commonly used to relieve pain.

European Presence and Influence in Africa Research Paper

European Presence and Influence in Africa - Research Paper Example Colonization was also a political move by European countries for domination of other weaker nations to exploit the natural and human resources of the land (Koggel 2006)1. Any interaction should, for moral, ethical and practical purpose benefit both sides. If it is imbalanced in favor of one of the parties, then it can be termed as exploitation. History reveals that this interaction benefited the visitors rather than the indigenous people of the land. The paper reviews the influence (both good and bad), the benefits and disadvantages to the people of Africa due to the presence and eventual colonization by Europeans (since 1800 to the present day). The degrading practice of slave trade can be cited as a valid example. This was a period when early explorers like Dr Livingston and Henry Stanley began sending reports of life in the Dark Continent. The paper will focus on two areas in this regard. Firstly a review of the positive (and negative) influence due to the forced and unforced Euro pean presence in the country. It will also look at improvements of the living conditions of the indigenous people as a result despite the existence of a lucrative slavery trade. European presence and influence in Africa – boon or bane Any form of interaction, especially between unequal forces is bound to advantageous to the stronger of the two. But even so, well-meaning and visionary individuals, groups and governments can also create a positive impact and atmosphere. This can be seen in the African continent also. One of the most well-known of early African explorers was Dr David Livingstone who initially went to the land as a missionary and medical man. Dr Livingstone was a Scottish Congregationalist and was affiliated to the London Missionary Society (Craig 2012)2. He arrived in 1841 at the port of Cape Town, but his quest for exploration led him to the interior parts of the continent in 1849 (Livingstone Online n.d.)3. He was shocked by the then existing slave trade (most ly by Arabs and Portuguese) and was very influential in curtailing this practice to a large extent. What is appreciable is that his work was based primarily in the interiors of the continent where other white men were unwilling to venture. The inhospitable terrain, lack of knowledge regarding this, and the inability to communicate with the locals were some of the main reasons for this (Morgan 2007)4. â€Å"Livingston who began his career as a Christian missionary and ultimately became best known as an explorer of the African continent, drew together in his life work these intertwined notions of empire, civilization and trade. From Livingstone’s perspective, market relations remained embedded in human society† (Bowden et al. 2006)5. In other words, Livingstone believed that the African society will benefit from industry and commerce, through cooperation and not by coercion (Bowden et al 2006). But he also believed that Western civilization especially that of Britain is the solution to most of Africa’s problems. This could be seen as an arguable outlook since many atrocities and discriminations had been wreaked upon the natives of the land (Boahen 1990)6. For example, natives who came to cities and towns for jobs were housed in ghetto like conditions. They were paid low wages and could not expect to get better positions in an organization. A Free Trade movement (a loose coalition of like minded people) was also in existence during

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example reason and feel when they are faced with the different alternatives of products and how they get influenced by their environments (HAWKNIS, MOTHERSBAUGH & MOOKERJEE 2011, pg31). Other benefits that accrue from this study to organizations would include; the understanding of the consumers’ behaviors relating to how they make decisions while in the market for what they need, and also in coming up with the appropriate motivation and decision strategies relating to products they offer their customers. Product use is of utmost importance to the marketers as it influences a lot of the marketing decisions most of which involves improving and increasing its usage and consumption (KARDES, CRONLEY & CLINE 2011, pg55). In consideration to this target market, most organizations would tend to align themselves to offering the courses that would be attractive to the students. These students who achieve the ATAR score of 70% or above, according to the Australian education system are eligible for University admission. The ATAR system has been used to rank the student’s scores relative to that of the other students taking into account the total number of student who partake the WACE examination in any year and the number of those students who leave school in their final year. Some of the various important factors that have influenced the consumer behaviors over time can be grouped into the following categories: i) The cultural factors; of essence includes the consumers’ subcultures, their buying behaviors and social classes. The marketers dealing with this target market should be able to go out of their way and determine their different buying cultures, and what informs their decisions. This would help them in their market segmentation strategies so that the services they offer are tailored to ensure that these different groups of the students who attain these positions are served accordingly. This would also be vital in shaping the consumer’s perceptions, habits and the

The Data Communication Networking Computer Science Essay

The Data Communication Networking Computer Science Essay Data Communication can mean many things to different people, but when industry with computers and their communication with them. So, people are usually discussing equipment that wan designed to provide or provide or gather information needs to communicate. Data Communication provides the tools, product and equipment to make it. The distance over which data moves within a computer may vary from a few thousandths of an inch. The amount of Data Communications builds from this point on, because there are many factors such as distance, topology, protocol, signaling, and security. Data Communications will continue to develop and change considerably for the probable future.  In the companies unlike manufacturers are not biased toward solution and the applications. Question 1 A group of business employees would like to set up a small networking office. Explain the meaning of topology. Discuss and draw the different types of network topology that are available. Answer of Question 1 Nowadays, networkings are very popular. So, a network consists of multiple computers connected with some type of interface, each have one or more interface devices such as a Network Interface Card (NIC). Each computer is support by network software that provides the server or client functionality. Network can be of any of the following three types such as Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). Hence, the local area networks (LANs) interconnect data processing devices that serve communities of users. In the first industrial in the context of the minicomputer world, than the LAN come into its to a personal computers (PCs) develop into the norm in the most networking environments. Seen the LAN networks were as the solution to the research problem. Then the computer could be fixed with a new I/O device and directly linked to one another. In the beginning, LAN is organizing to support shared printer access and to assist the movement of files between systems. The system would be taken long to harness the platform to support other application, such as email. The components of LAN are requiring the incorporation of many different components that determine how the devices are connected. Second is what the format of the data will be transm itted in. Third is how to ensure that multiple stations can transmit at the same time. By the way, this is the major elements of the LAN and some options commonly available to network designers. Metropolitan Area Network is the connection of devices that covers a geographical area of region that is larger than Local Area Network (LAN) but smaller than Wide Area Network. It implies the interconnection of network in the city into a larger network. Then the Wide Area Network (WAN) is the interconnection if devices across a geographical are. The connection spans from country to country. What is a topology? In a LAN, the organization can be described by the physical topology and the logical topology. The physical topology of network refers to the arrangement of cable, computers and other peripherals. Therefore, physical topology should not exist confused with logical topology which is the method how data actually transfers in a network as different to its design. So, the logical topology of a LAN is attaching devices and the flow of signals between attaches devices. Topology can be measured as a virtual shape or arrangement of a network. However, the shape actually does not match to the actual physical design of the devices on the computer network. The different topologies available to LAN, while discuss in the following. There are five types of topology network including star, bus, ring, tree, and mesh. Bus Topology Figure 1: Bus topology (Florida Center for Instructional Technology College of Education) (University of South Florida, 2009) Bus topology is the simplest ways a network can be organize. In bus topology, all computers are connecting to the same transmission line by using a cable. It is coaxial. Bus topology is easy to handle and put into action and is best suit for small networks. So, the advantages of bus topology are easy to use and understand. Second is requires least quantity of cable to connect the computers together. Therefore, it is less expensive than extra cabling arrangements. Ring Topology Figure 2: Ring Topology (  Network topology, kioskeas Creative Commons License Deed V2.0, 2007 ) (http://en.kioskea.net/contents/initiation/topologi.php3) In this type of ring topology, each computer is connect to the next computer with the last one connect to first. Consequently, each retransmits what it receives from the previous computer. Then the message flows around the ring in one direction. Ring topology does not subject to signal loss problem as a bus network experiences. By the way, there is no execution because there is no end to the ring. Ring topology advantages are each node has equal access and capable of high speed data transfer. Mesh Topology Figure 3: Mesh topology Mesh topology is a unique network design in each computer on the network connects to other. It is creating a point-to-point connection between each device on the network. The function of mesh design is to provide a high level of redundancy. If one network cable fails, the data always have an alternative path to get its destination. The advantages of mesh topology are provides redundant paths between devices and the network can expand without interruption to current users. Star Topology Figure 1: Star topology (Florida Center for Instructional Technology College of Education) (University of South Florida, 2009) A star topology is design with each file server, workstation, and peripherals. All of them are connect to a central network hub, switch, or concentrator. So, data on a star network passes through hub, switch or concentrator before ongoing to its destination. The common arrangement is use twisted pair cable. It also is use coaxial cable or fiber optic cable. The advantages of star topology including easy to add a new computer system to the network, crash of one workstation does not affect the entire network, uses a single access protocols and very fast Tree Topology Figure 5: Tree Topology (Florida Center for Instructional Technology College of Education) (University of South Florida, 2009) At the last tree topology is also known as a hierarchical topology and a central root node that is connecting to one or more nodes of a lower hierarchy. In each node the network has a exact fix number of nodes connect to a lower level. A tree topology combines individuality of linear bus and star topology. Hence, it consists of groups of star-configure workstations connect to a linear bus backbone cable in figure 5. Tree topology allow for the increase of an existing network, and enables schools to configure a network to meet their needs. Finally of advantages of a tree topology is point-to-point cabling for individual segments and support by numerous hardware and software venders. A group of business employees would like to set up a small networking office. Before set up the topology, office must consider when selecting a topology such as cost, flexibility and reliability. Cost of selecting that is selected for a Local Area Network has be install and perhaps a lengthy process including the installation cables and raceways. Another way for a network to be cost effective one would attempt to minimize installation cast. This may be achieved by using the suitable hardware linking cables, good modems, cost effective computers to reduce cost. Second is flexibility is one of the main advantage of a Local Area Network. It is ability to have the data processing and peripheral nodes distributes around a given area. Next be consistency is select for the network can help through allowing the location of the responsibility to be detect and to present come means of isolating the responsibility. The best of topology for small networking office is bus topology. It is the easy method of networking computers. So, this consists of a single cable as a trunk, backbone or segment that connects all the computers in the network. However, each system is directly attached to be common communication channel. Then signal is transmitter over the channel makes up the messages. While each message is passes along the guide each system receives it. After receiving the message each system scan the destination address contain in the message. On a bus topology signals are sending to all the computers in the network to keep the signal from active back and forth along the cable a terminator is place at the end of the cable. A bus topology only can one computer send data at a time, therefore the more computers in the bus slower data transmission in the network. Usually, bus topology is easy for small office use (example in figure 1). Question 2 The purpose of data link control is to provide functions like flow control, error detection and error control. Explain each function in detail. Answer of Question 2 The data communications have much more needed to control and manage to substitute. So, the list some of the requirements and objectives for effective of data communication between two directly connected transmitting receiving station such as frame synchronization, flow control, error control, addressing, error detection and recovery, control and data on same link and link management. So, line access controls determine which station can pass on next. This is easy for two stations on a full-duplex link. When more than two stations are in use on a full-duplex link such as multipoint or any number of stations is in use on a half-duplex line. However, transmission needs to be not acceptable suspiciously. The service of frame synchronization is the data link layer is responsible for providing synchronization at the frame level. This is determines the beginning and end of each frame. Therefore, the physical layer is usually responsible for maintaining bit synchronization. Flow control is so metimes of the receiving station must be able to cut off the transmitter, so the receiver may be too busy to accept of new frame. By the way, at the data link layer, flow control enables the receiver to tell the transmitter it is not ready, and to later identify its motivation to accept more frames. Another is error control is bits errors introduce by the transmission system should be correct. In the addressing on two station connections, addresses can be use to separate commands from responses. Then, addresses are necessary on multipoint links with more than two stations to denote the future receiver and sometimes to classify the sender as well. Error detection and recovery is using a grouping of order numbers and an error detecting or correcting code, so the Data Link layer protocol ensure that frame with error are accepted and not deliver to higher layers. Then, the recovery is by means of retransmission for error-detecting codes. Timers are use to ensure with the purpose of all transmit frames are receive. Maintain of control and data on same link. It is usually not attractive to have a physically divide communications pathway for control information. As a result, the receiver must be able to distinguish control information from the data being transmitted. The link management of initiation, maintenance, and termination of a sustained data exchange requires a fair amount of coordination and assistance among station. It actions for the management of this exchange are involve. This requirement is content by the physical interfacing techniques. A data link protocol that satisfies these requirements is a rather complex of issue. Begin to looking at three key of mechanisms that are part of data link control such as flow control, error detection, and error control. 2.1 Flow Control First part of data control link is flow control. Flow control is mechanisms are necessary in order to stop the transmitter form overwhelming a receiving entity with data. So, this can be achieved by letting the receiver control all data flow from the sender. Accordingly, the popular of flow control mechanisms allow the receiver to dens credit to the sender in terms of how much data can be transmitted. That function credit exist at the receiver call the window size. Flow control might be needed due to many reasons. At first is link the capacity. However, if the link is share to many transmitter-receiver pairs, the total amount of data on the link may exceed its capacity at some time. By the way, in second reason can be unavailability of sufficient memory resources at the receiver station. The link is possible is not busy and enough memory available to process or store the usual the data and still can congestion. So, congestion means a condition in which packets queue to be process inc rease a line above a certain threshold. The queue can simply be because of the receiving station having to forward in each packet on a slower link. At the same time, flow control also can be necessary and implement at all layers. When implement on DLC layers, the results in rule of data flow across a single link. Thus, of implementation scheme is when the widow size is in one packet. Finally, flow controls have two examples to processes. There are stop-and-wait (SnW) flow control and sliding window flow control. 2.1.1 Stop-and-Wait (SnW) Flow Control In this system, stop-and-wait is an entity transmits a packet. After, the destination entity receives the packet, and then it indicates its motivation to accept another packet by sending back an acknowledgement to the packet just receive. So, this small packet is call as Acknowledgement Packet (ACK). At figure 6 illustrates a timing diagram. Figure 6: Stop-and-Wait Flow Control (Data Communication Principles for Fixed and Wireless Networks, 2002) The transmission time is due to a limited capacity of a link. So, propagation time is due to a limited velocity of signal propagation. Then, the processing time is due to limited processing capacity of the receiving station. It depends on a number of factors, including but not limited to, processor type, queue size and protocol type use after receiving a data packet. 2.1.2 Sliding-window (SW) Flow Control Figure 7: Sliding-window (SW) Flow Control  ¼Ã‹â€ Data Communication Principles for Fixed and Wireless Networks. ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° Sliding window is generality of Stop and Wait to more than one packet. This for system to receiving allows the sender to send up a sure maximum number of packets without getting further of ACK. Therefore allow to be transmitter without receiving an ACK is to be maximum window size. Usually each ACK allows to expanding the number of packets to the maximum window size. In the example, the receiver specifies a maximum window size of 4. The packets can be sequence number from 0 through 7 a maximum of four packets are allows to be transmit without getting further credit. Thus, suppose that packets numbers 0,1,2 and 3 have been transmit and then the receiver has not accept them. After the processing of receive packets is success then the receiver an ACK for the entire four packets. Finally, on receiving the ACK packet, the transmitter is acceptable to send packet numbers 4,5,6 and 7. 2.2 Error Detection Error detection is about communication impairments and the effect of data rate and signal to noise ratio on bit error rate. This system will be error, resulting in the change of one or more bits in transmitted packet. At example, there have two copies of data. The receiver compares copies equal then no error. So, the probability of same bits corrupted low. The parity is value bit. That character has even or odd number ones. The even number bit error goes understand. 2.2.1 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) CRC is an extension of the parity block concept. It is nothing degree polynomial. The value of each bit is a coefficient. It is given a k bit block of bits, or message, the transmitter generates an n bit sequence. So, the resulting packet consisting transmit k+n bits which is exactly divisible by some number. The receivers then divide the incoming packet by that number and if no remainder, assume was no error. 2.3 Error Control Error controls are transmission impairments random and affect bits at random locations. So, describe a link with respect to its impairment effect is by probability of error. That call variously link error probability, bit error probability, bit error rate, or frame error rate. In addition, there have two type of errors are lost frame and damaged frame. Lost frame is a frame fails to arrive at the other side and damaged frame is a recognizable frame does arrive, but some of the bits are in error. In the most common technique for error control are bases on some or the entire following element. There are error detection, positive acknowledgment, retransmission after timeout, and negative acknowledgement and retransmission. 2.3.1 Stop and Wait ARQ This is sending station keeps a copy of every packet transmitted. Once transmission it waits for an ACK for each packet before sending the next packet. If an ACK received before the timeout, the stored copy of transmitted packet is discarded. So, an expiring the timer then the transmitter sends the copy of the packet again. If ACK damaged, transmitter will not recognize it. The transmitter will retransmit the same packet on timer expiry. There will start from sequence number; the receiver will know that this was duplicated packet. Example in figure 8. Figure 8: Stop and Wait ARQ 2.3.2 Go back N ARQ Go and back ARQ are the transmitter sends packets as allowed by current window size. If there are no errors in the packets, then the normal flow control operation continues as discussed above. In the way of error, the receiver discards the packet and does not increment its receiver window pointer. When it receives the packet with next sequence number, it may send a negative acknowledge (NAK). Usually, NAK implemented by sending the ACK packet asking for the discarded packet. If transmitter is already expecting an ACK for this packet, it will know that the packet in question was never received. Then go back by resetting its window passion at the discarded packet number and restart transmission of this packet. 2.3.3 Selective reject ARQ The only packets retransmitted are those that receive a negative acknowledge. It calls as SREJ, means time out. Protocols provide for a selective reject mechanism in which retransmission is sought for only the packet that was in error instead of a while black of packets. This can be accomplished by sending a NAK as soon as a packet is received in error. After the packet in error is successfully receive, all the packets can be marked as received and processes by the receiver. This performance measure of the ARQ schemes, then the selective reject tops. Finally, the performance of go back N ARQ is much better than stop and wait ARQ. Conclusion Finally I have to finish this assignment. What I have know about networking and Data link control. In first question is easy for me to do. Networkings have three types such as Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). The main for question asking is local area networking. Local Area Networking for personal computers and back end network and storage area network. Then, spare out five type topology. There are bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. All of them have advantages and disadvantages. Because, it can give users to choose which want is better for their home or company. In question two, I have explained all of them like flow control, error detection and error control. Three type of them are discussing transmit or retransmit. In conclusion, I have learned about networking how to set up their system and the mechanism how to process the packets.

National Health Care Spending Essay

National health care spending in the United States is out of control. I will identify national health care expenditure, and my opinion on the spending â€Å"is it too much or not enough†. This paper will explain the about public health and the needs to paid for various payers with total percentages. With that we will discuss the economic challenges and how the government will address the matter. Is our country going to be able to change our medical crisis? What needs to be done? And can it be done? The current dollar level or national health care expenditures: In 2011 US health care spending reached 2.7 trillion dollars. Health care spending is still growing. The GDP (gross domestic product) remains stable at 17.9 percent from 2009 through 2011. The America health care has become a major legislative and policy issues. These increase in the cost of health care is causing major stress on Federal, State, and in household budget across the nation. My opinion on the spending level on health care,† is it too much or not enough†. I feel the spending in the US on health care is too much, because the over abuse by doctors, hospitals, etc†¦ do. I feel that doctors and hospital will exhaust the insurance companies. I feel today we lost the quality of care and the services at medical offices, even in the hospitals. Our health care spending is high and keeps growing. Due to the economy and more and more people are out of work. Those people are all applying for government benefits such as; Medicaid, TANF and extension of unemployment benefits. These are just a few crises or country going through. Poverty is increasing and a large number of people have no medical insurance. Now there are some States cutting health benefits to children who are very needy. Congress and the White House still are arguing about no time and no money, and it doesn’t have to be this way. We have to protect our fellow Americans and come to a compromise with our spending. What to cut, what to increase. Our country has to make some adjustments to help offset the increases of our spending, not just in health care, but in our defense  and home land security. I feel that our sacrifices should be shared, and it cannot involve scaling back programs for lower or middle class income families and individual. Our country has many needs, but we also have many resources and we have to use them wisely. Remember the U.S. is still the richest country in the world. Now it is time to work together to get through our crisis. How are the public’s health needs paid for. Hospital spending has increase 4.3 percent in 2011 compared to 2010 which was 4.3 percent growth. In 2011 the growth was slower, which was influenced by a slowdown in price growth and a low growth in hospital services. (â€Å"CMS†,2011) Physician and clinical services; these services increased 4.3 percent in 2011 which was an increase from 2010 with a growth of 3.1 percent. Spending by private health insurance and Medicare they are the two largest payers of clinical services and physicians in 2011. (â€Å"CMS†, 2011). Physical Therapy, Optometry, Podiatry, and Chiropractic medicine increase 4.9 percent in 2011, it is slightly faster from 2010 at 4.6 percent. (â€Å"CMS,2011) Dental services increased in 2011 with a 3.0 percent slightly higher than in 2010 with a growth of 2.7 percent. Out-of-pocket spending increased 4.1 percent in 2011, but in 2010 the growth percentage was 0, 7 percent. (â€Å"CMS†, 2011) Health Residential, and Personal Care Services; the growth for health, residential and personal care services are lower in 2011, it is 4.o percent, but in 2010 it was 4.5 percent. This includes expenditure for medical services, which are delivered by providers in non-traditional settings such as; schools, community centers, workplaces, ambulance provider, and residential mental health and substance abuse facilities. (â€Å"CMS†, 2011). Home health care; home health care agencies were slow in 2011 with a growth of 4.5 percent. In 2010 had a growth of 5.8 percent, Medicaid and Medicare spending was 80 percent in home health care. (â€Å"CMS†,2011) Nursing Care Facilities and Continuing Care Retirement Communities; spending in this category increased in 2011 to 4.4 percent from the growth was due from Medicare spending for skilled nursing faci lities, which increase 16.5percent in 2011. (â€Å"CMS†,2011) What is the major future economic and major â€Å"challenge† for the health care system? Everyone has the own problems with The U.S. health care system. One of their concerns is how many people go without health care,  because of no choice in the matter.. Second will be costs, this is a big concern. Cost keeps going up, cost are shooting up faster than anything else in this economy. There are major challenges that our nation has to face. Is U.S. health care gives to little or too much care. The uninsured get little care, they skip doctors visit, and depend on the hospital ER for medical care. This process causes a burden on the ER, because people that need to use the ER for real emergencies don’t get to be seem right away or they have to wait for a bed. Over treatment is a challenge also, doctors and hospital get paid more for doing more even if the treatment is necessary or not. We all experience or heard discussion about doctors and hospital run all kinds of tests and no one will explain what’s going on, this is because the hospital wants to exhaust you r insurance. Medicare is at fault, they paid health care providers on a â€Å"fee-for-service†. Which accounts how fairly their patients are? Other medical providers are equally important; they take the time to understand their patients and their symptoms. Most health care professional want the best for their patients, and no one means to over treat. As a doctor we are susceptible to a economic incentives. Insuring healthy people and not sick people, health plans make more money. Members of a health plan that are young and healthy are going to make more money, than the chronically ill. They can rake in premiums and don’t have to pay a lot of costly medical care. Insures in this country has an incentive to insure healthy people and deny the sick. Just a few do aggressively. Keeping cost down insurers has a few tricks they use, such as; denying coverage for pre-existing condition, increasing up expensive premiums. Hamilton (2008) Do you know what medical treatments work the best? Studies that suggest† 15 percent of what doctors do is actually evidence based, but they rely on personal experiences, or their colleagues or what they picked up from misleading medical literature, and drug representatives that are at their clinics.† (Hamilton,2008) The Federal Government is the only one that can fill the informational vacuum, because it is necessary to establish a base of medical evidence are expensive. The FDA is already overwhelmed with ensuring new drugs, and safe and effective devices. The last challenge is people demand more care than they want to pay for. People who are insured insist on expensive but marginal test and treatments, because they don’t have to pay for it. They feel because they pay high premiums they have the  best and they should not be denied any type of treatment. â€Å"Direct-to-consumer† has exploded patient’s demands prescriptions for new expensive drugs, even if there is no difference between old and new. Everyone has a part in these challenges that we face as a nation, doctors and hospitals are just two. However the scale of problems has called for a national medical reform. The health care system and other industrialized nations, which the government will take responsibility for funding. I don’t know what will be the right solution, but I have more knowledge on our National Health Care spending in America. We need to find a way to improve the quality of health care, while driving down the prices of insurance, medical procedures, treatment and prescriptions. We also need to resolve the issues with the uninsured in this country. References Hamilton, D. (2008, April). Five Major Challenges for a $2 Trillion Industry. CBS News. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505123_162-3364005/fivemajorchallenges-for-a-2trillion-industry CMS.(2011). Retrieved from http://www.cms.gov/research-statistic-data-and-system â€Å"

The Effects of Watching Too Much Television - 767 Words

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Why Do Rings Turn Your Finger Green

Have you ever had a ring turn your finger green or wondered why some people say rings turn their fingers green? The reason this happens is because of the metal content of the ring. How a Ring Turns Fingers Green When a ring turns your finger green, its either because of a chemical reaction between acids in your skin and the metal of the ring, or because of a reaction between another substance on your hand, such as a lotion, and the metal of the ring. There are several metals that oxidize or react with your skin to produce a discoloration. You can get a noticeable green discoloration on your finger from wearing a ring made out of  copper. Some rings are pure copper, while others have a plating of another metal over copper. Alternately, the copper may be part of the metal alloy (sterling silver, for example). The green color is not harmful in itself, though some people experience an itchy rash or another sensitivity reaction to the metal and may wish to avoid exposure to it. Another common culprit for discoloration is silver, which is found in sterling silver jewelry and plating for inexpensive jewelry. It is also used as an alloying metal in most gold jewelry. Acids cause the silver to oxidize, which produces tarnish. The tarnish can leave a dark ring on your finger. If you are sensitive to metals, you may see skin discoloration from wearing a ring containing nickel, though most likely this will be associated with inflammation. How to Avoid Getting a Green Finger Even silver and gold jewelry can produce skin discoloration, so advice for avoiding a green finger isnt as simple as just avoiding cheap jewelry. However, certain metals are less likely to turn green than others. You should have good luck with stainless steel jewelry, platinum jewelry, and rhodium-plated jewelry, which includes nearly all white gold. Also, youll greatly reduce the chance of any ring turning your finger green if you take care to keep soap, lotions, and other chemicals away from your ring. Remove your rings before bathing or swimming, especially in saltwater. Some people apply a polymer coating to their rings to act as a barrier between their skin and the metal of the ring. Nail polish is one option. Be aware that youll need to reapply the coating from time to time since it will wear away.